Summer monsoons that provide up to 80 percent of the water South Asia
needs have gotten drier in the past half century, possibly due to
aerosol particles spewed by burning fossil fuels.
Monsoon rains are driven by looping air circulation patterns over
India, and the aerosols appear to have interfered with these patterns,
researchers reported in the journal Science.
Between 1950 and 1999, the drying was most pronounced in
central-northern India, with a 10 percent drop in average June-September
rainfall, the researchers said. The rest of India experienced a
decrease of about 5 percent over the same period, they added.
This does not seem to be a direct consequence of greenhouse gas
emissions, even though the burning of fossil fuels and biomass that
produces the aerosol particles also emits climate-warming carbon
dioxide, the researchers said.
Particle pollution can increase the risk of heart disease, lung
cancer and asthma attacks and interfere with the growth and function of
the lungs, according to the American Lung Association, which has fought
to curb these emissions in the United States.
Over South Asia, aerosol particles have actually slowed down climate
warming by reacting with sunlight and reflecting some of it back into
space, said study co-author Yi Ming of the U.S. National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in
Princeton, New Jersey.
That same cooling effect tends to slow down the north-south air
circulation that delivers the monsoon rains, Ming said in a telephone
interview.
The Northern Hemisphere, including India, tends to emit more aerosol
particles because it is more heavily developed than the Southern
Hemisphere, Ming said. This could offer hope that the aerosol drying of
the monsoon could be reversed.
This is because developed countries such as the United States and
much of Europe have taken steps to cut down on particle pollution, which
means less gets into the air.
Ming and his colleagues project that if India and other Asian
countries continue to develop their economies, they too will cut back on
particle emissions.
"The aerosol levels will be cut a lot out of concern for human
health, like what happened in the U.S. and Europe," Ming said. "Once
countries are rich enough, they want to clean their air."
This could begin to reverse the monsoon's drying trend in 20 to 30
years, he said. However, it would do nothing to reduce the emissions of
carbon dioxide associated with more developed economies, and dealing
with that, Ming said, "will be a very difficult policy challenge."
By Deborah Zabarenko(Editing by Will Dunham)
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